Clinical applications of artificial intelligence: living evidence
Living evidence tables provide high level summaries of key studies and evidence on a particular topic, and links to sources. They are reviewed regularly and updated as new evidence and information is published.
This page is part of the Artificial Intelligence series.
This table describes areas where artificial intelligence is being used for direct clinical care. This includes examples of established tools, pilot studies, or research projects near the stage of being ready for implementation trials.
To develop this living table:
- Systematic reviews on artificial intelligence published from 2021 to May 2023 were screened in PubMed.
- Since May 2023, a weekly PubMed search on artificial intelligence has been conducted to continually update the table.
- Articles are screened for those that describe established uses of AI in clinical care, pilot studies of implementation, or large research studies and/or systematic reviews which identify areas where AI has positive benefits and is close to implementation / trial stage.
- Grey literature sources are identified via Google or through publications and websites of well-known organisations with relevance to the Australian clinical context (e.g. World Health Organization, OECD, NICE, The King’s Fund, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, etc).
- Initiatives involving robots or robotic surgery without any other AI integrated, are excluded.
Content is grouped by patient journey stage.
Regular checks are conducted for new content and any updates are highlighted.
On this page:
Diagnosis and prognosis
AI application | Scientific evidence | Actual use in healthcare systems |
---|---|---|
Clinical risk prediction models
Tools that predict health outcomes either at present (diagnostic) or in the future (prognostic).1 These are mainly produced in the academic context and face several barriers to clinical implementation. Therefore, there are few examples currently rolled out.2 | Emerging positive evidence. These have been used for: Diagnostic tools
Predicting disease progression
Prognostic factors
|
|
Early detection of illness via real-time data analysis |
| |
Image analysis
| Consistent positive evidence foridentifying and interpreting mammographic regions suspicious for cancer,37-44
Emerging positive evidence onimproved diagnosis and/or prognosis for: Abdomen / Gastrointestinal
Chest
Head and neck
Eyes84
Other
Mixed evidence on the effectiveness ofimage analysisas used for diagnosis, for example:
|
|
Curative care
AI application | Scientific evidence | Actual use in healthcare systems |
---|---|---|
Clinical prediction models
Tools that predict health outcomes either in the future, depending on a variety of patient and treatment parameters.1 | Emerging positive evidence.These have been used for:
|
|
AI powered image analysis Can be used for planning treatment. | Emerging positive evidence. These have been used for:
|
|
AI driven surgical decision making | Emerging positive evidence for:
| |
AI assisted antimicrobial treatment decisions | Emerging positive evidence. This has been used for:
|
Supportive care
AI application | Scientific evidence | Actual use in healthcare systems |
---|---|---|
Chatbots – a computer program designed to have a text-based ‘conversation’ with a patient. | Emerging positive evidence when used for:
Mixed evidence on effectiveness when used for
Limited but negative evidence when usedfor:
|
|
Clinical prediction models for supportive patient care and managing chronic conditions | Emerging positive evidence when used for early identification of at-risk patients.For example:
| |
AI-interpreted remote patient monitoring | Limited but emerging positive evidence.This technology can be used for patients at home or for continuous monitoring of inpatients:136
|
|
Notes
^ denotes grey literature, conference proceeding or pre-peer review source.
References
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Living evidence tables include some links to low quality sources and an assessment of the original source has not been undertaken. Sources are monitored regularly but due to rapidly emerging information, tables may not always reflect the most current evidence. The tables are not peer reviewed, and inclusion does not imply official recommendation nor endorsement of NSW Health.
Last updated on 6 May 2024