Chronic Pain Yellow Flags
The presence of ‘Yellow Flags’ indicate greater risk of progression to psychological distress and disability relating to pain and its management. They include beliefs, emotions, behaviours and supports1. They indicate the need for GP involvement, consideration of a Mental Health plan and psychological therapies.
The OMSPQ-10 questionnaire identifies some of these belief patterns and a score of >50/100 predicts an increased risk of disability at one year2 or a heightened level of distress at the time of presentation.
Emotions | Depression / anxiety |
Attitudes | Belief that pain is a sign of damage |
| Expectation of curative passive treatments |
Behaviour | Avoidance of activity and social interaction due to fear of pain |
| Use of extended rest |
| Increased use of alcohol and other drugs |
Social Support | Unsupportive or overprotective partner / family |
Work | Unsupportive work environment |
| Prolonged time off work |
Note: Urgent Mental Health Review is indicated for suicidal ideation.
Further References and Resources
1) New Zealand acute low back pain guide: Incorporating the guide to assessing psychological yellow flags in acute low back pain. Accident Compensation Coorporation Wellington, 2004. (Sourced 24/2/14)
2) Development of a short form of the Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire. Linton SJ, Nicholas M, MacDonald S. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011 Oct 15;36(22):1891-5