Any person, 4 weeks to 15 years, presenting with minor wounds.
This protocol is intended to be used by registered and enrolled nurses within their scope of practice and as outlined in The Use of Emergency Care Assessment and Treatment Protocols (PD2024_011). Sections marked triangle or diamond indicate the need for additional prerequisite education prior to use. Check the medication table for dose adjustments and links to relevant reference texts.
History prompts, signs and symptoms
These are not exhaustive lists. Maintain an open mind and be aware of cognitive bias.
History prompts
- Presenting complaint
- Mechanism of injury
- Time of injury
- Pain assessment
- Potential contamination or foreign body
- Pre-hospital treatment
- Past admissions
- Medical and surgical history, including a bleeding disorder
- Current medications
- Known allergies
- Immunisation status including last tetanus
- Current weight
Signs and symptoms
- Pain
- Open wound
- Blood loss
- Presence of a foreign body
- Bruising
- Oedema
- Erythema
Red flags
Recognise: identify indicators of actual or potential clinical severity and risk of deterioration.
Respond: carefully consider alternative ECAT protocol. Escalate as per clinical reasoning and local CERS protocol, and continue treatment.
Historical
- Bleeding disorder
- Unimmunised
- Immunodeficiency
- Postoperative wound
- Human or animal bite
- High-energy mechanism of injury
Clinical
- Uncontrollable haemorrhage
- Embedded foreign bodies
- Neurovascular compromise, motor and/or sensory
- Laceration to genitals, feet, hands, lips, eyelids or ears
- Laceration more than 10 cm
- Possible underlying fracture
- Possible underlying structural injury, e.g. tendon, nerve or ligament
- Multiple injured regions
Remember child or adolescent at risk: patient or carer concern, suspected non-accidental injury or neglect, multiple comorbidities or unplanned return.
Clinical assessment and specified intervention (A to G)
If the patient has any Yellow or Red Zone observations or additional criteria (as per the relevant NSW Standard Emergency Observation Chart), refer and escalate as per local CERS protocol and continue treatment.
Position
Assessment | Intervention |
---|---|
General appearance/first impressions | Position of comfort |
Airway
Assessment | Intervention |
---|---|
Patency of airway | Maintain airway patency Consider airway opening manoeuvres and positioning |
Breathing
Assessment | Intervention |
---|---|
Respiratory rate and work of breathing Consider auscultation of chest (breath sounds) Oxygen saturation (SpO2) | Assist ventilation as clinically indicated Apply oxygen to maintain SpO2 over 93% |
Circulation
Assessment | Intervention |
---|---|
Actively bleeding wound | Control with direct pressure |
Perfusion (capillary refill, skin warmth and colour) Heart rate Blood pressure Cardiac rhythm | Assess circulation Attach cardiac monitor if BP/HR are within the Yellow or Red Zones, or where clinically relevant, e.g. irregular pulse, palpitations, syncope, shock, respiratory compromise, cardiac history or clinical concern Consider 12 lead ECG |
IVC and/or pathology | Insert IV cannula, if trained and clinically indicated If unable to obtain IV access, consider intraosseous, if trained |
Signs of shock: tachycardia and CRT 3 seconds and over and/or abnormal skin perfusion and/or hypotension | If signs of shock present, give sodium chloride 0.9% at 20 mL/kg IV/intraosseous bolus once only, maximum dose 1000 mL |
Disability
Assessment | Intervention |
---|---|
AVPU | If AVPU shows reduced level of consciousness, continue to assess GCS, pupillary response and limb strength |
GCS, pupillary response and limb strength | Obtain baseline and repeat assessment as clinically indicated |
Pain | Assess pain. If indicated, give early analgesia as per analgesia section then resume A to G assessment |
Exposure
Assessment | Intervention |
---|---|
Temperature | Measure temperature |
Head-to-toe inspection, including posterior surfaces | See specific treatment section for wound management |
Fluids
Assessment | Intervention |
---|---|
Hydration status | Assess fluids, in and out. Document on fluid balance chart. Include gastrointestinal losses |
NBM | Consider clear fluids or NBM based on red flags and clinical severity |
Glucose
Assessment | Intervention |
---|---|
BGL |
Measure BGL, where clinically relevant or of concern. See medication table for 40% glucose gel dosing If BGL between 2 mmol/L and 3 mmol/L and NOT symptomatic (Yellow Zone criteria):
If BGL less than 2 mmol/L OR symptomatic (Red Zone criteria) OR unable to tolerate oral glucose:
|
Repeat and document assessment and observations to monitor responses to interventions, identify developing trends and clinical deterioration. Escalate care as required according to the local CERS protocol.
Focused assessment
Complete a neurovascular and skin focused assessment.
Precautions and notes
- All wounds should be considered contaminated. Irrigation is an effective method to remove debris and reduce risk of infection in the acute wound.
- Wounds with neurovascular or tendon injury, cosmetic significance or that are high-risk require consultation with medical or surgical specialists.
- Consider the possibility of non-accidental injury.
Interventions and diagnostics
Specific treatment
Wound cleansing
- Ensure that procedural pain is managed according to the procedural analgesia section.
- Irrigate wounds thoroughly with sodium chloride 0.9% or running water.
- Remove any surface foreign bodies.
- Irrigate wound thoroughly under pressure with an appropriate device.
Dressing
- Consider taking photos with parental consent before covering.
- Apply a simple non-adherent dressing, if required.
- Consider calcium alginate dressing to control localised bleeding.
- See minor wounds dressing (appendix).
Steri-strips
- Suitable for linear, low-tension lacerations
- Not be used on skin tears
- Ensure surrounding skin is clean and dry before closure
- Adhere steri-strips to one side of the wound and fasten to the opposite side under tension
- Ensure the wound edges are opposed.
Wound closure
- Wound closure via suturing or staples may be done by nurses who have completed the required education and training.
- Consider using tissue adhesive (glue), if appropriate.
- Animal or human bites are at high risk of infection and should not be closed without consultation with a medical or nurse practitioner.
- Select the appropriate anaesthetic for wound closure from the list provided in the medication table.
- Do not use adrenaline (epinephrine) on fingers, toes, penis, nose and other extremities.
- Wounds caused by clean, sharp objects may undergo primary closure at any time up to 12–18 hours from the time of injury.
Analgesia
Select pain score:
Pain score 1–3 (mild)
Give paracetamol 15 mg/kg orally once only, maximum dose 1000 mg
and/or ibuprofen, if 3 months and over, 10 mg/kg orally once only, maximum dose 400 mg
Pain score 4–6 (moderate)
Give:
oxycodone (immediate release):
- 1–12 months: 0.05 mg/kg orally once only, maximum dose 0.5 mg
- 12 months and over: 0.1 mg/kg orally once only, maximum dose 5 mg
and/or paracetamol 15 mg/kg, orally once only, maximum dose 1000 mg
and/or ibuprofen, if 3 months and over, 10 mg/kg orally once only, maximum dose 400 mg
Pain score 7–10 (severe)
Give one of:
Fentanyl intranasal
- 12 months and over: 1.5 microg/kg intranasally, maximum single dose 75 microg and, if required, repeat once after 5 minutes, maximum total dose 3 microg/kg or 150 microg, whichever is less. Dose to be divided between nostrils
Note: ensure an extra 0.1 mL is drawn up for the first dose to account for the dead space in the mucosal atomiser device
Morphine IV
- 1–12 months: 0.05 mg/kg IV, maximum single dose 0.5 mg and, if required, repeat once after 5 minutes, maximum total dose 0.1 mg/kg or 1 mg, whichever is less
- 12 months and over: 0.1 mg/kg IV, maximum single dose 5 mg and, if required, repeat once after 5 minutes, maximum total dose 0.2 mg/kg or 10 mg, whichever is less
and/or paracetamol 15 mg/kg orally once only, maximum dose 1000 mg
and/or ibuprofen, if 3 months and over, 10 mg/kg orally once only, maximum dose 400 mg
If pain does not improve with medication, escalate as per local CERS protocol.
Consider non-pharmacological pain relief (appendix).
Procedural analgesia
For pain relief required during procedures only, not used to replace appropriate analgesia.
Sucrose 24%
- 1–18 months: give 1–2 mL orally per procedure
- Maximum dose:
- 1–3 months: up to 5 mL in 24 hours
- 3–18 months: up to 10 mL in 24 hours.
Repeat as needed up to the maximum dose.
Laceraine gel
For painful minor wounds, less than 7 cm, that are likely to require closure or to assist with thorough cleaning and irrigation.
Give laceraine gel:
- 1–3 years: 0.1 mL/kg, topically, once only, maximum dose 2 mL
- 3 years and over: 0.1 mL/kg, topically, once only, maximum dose 3 mL
Nitrous oxide and oxygen mix inhalation
Only give nitrous:
- if required education and training have been completed
- according to state and local guidelines
- when an additional trained clinician is available to complete the procedure.
12 months and over:
- Attach oxygen saturation probe for monitoring.
- Apply 100% oxygen with face mask, ensuring adequate seal. Aim for smallest fitting mask.
- Give 70% nitrous oxide with 30% oxygen for 3–4 minutes before starting procedure.
- If wall nitrous oxide/oxygen is unavailable, pre-mixed 50% nitrous oxide with 50% oxygen (Entonox) can be used.
- After procedure: give 100% oxygen for 3–5 minutes, to prevent diffusion hypoxia.
- If the nitrous oxide is removed for over 30 seconds at any stage: apply 100% oxygen for 3 minutes, to prevent diffusion hypoxia.
Tetanus
All patients must be considered for a tetanus booster if they have a tetanus-prone wound. Refer to medical or nurse practitioner or nurse immuniser to consider tetanus immunisation requirements.
Radiology
Radiology will depend on the working diagnosis. It needs to be requested by a medical or nurse practitioner. If there is concern for urgent radiology, escalate as per local CERS protocol.
Pathology
Not usually indicated. If there is concern for urgent pathology, escalate care as per local CERS protocol.
Medications
The patient’s weight is mandatory for calculating fluid and medication doses.
The Broselow Tape or APLS weight table (appendix) can be used only in circumstances where the patient cannot be weighed.
The shaded sections in this protocol are only to be used by registered nurses who have completed the required education.
Drag the table right to view more columns or turn your phone to landscape
Drug | Dose | Route | Frequency |
---|---|---|---|
Fentanyl H, R | 12 months and over: Maximum single dose 75 microg | Intranasal | Pain score 7–10 Repeat once if required after 5 minutes to maximum dose |
Glucose 40% gel | 4 weeks–1 year: 1–5 years: 5 g 6–11 years: 10 g 12 years and over : 15 g | Buccal | Repeat after 15 minutes if required |
Ibuprofen H, R | 3 months and over: Maximum dose 400 mg | Oral | Pain score 1–10 Once only |
Laceraine gel H | 1–3 years: 3 years and over: | Topical | Once only |
Up to a maximum of 3 mg/kg Maximum dose 200 mg | Infiltration | Once only | |
Up to a maximum of 7 mg/kg Maximum dose 500 mg | Infiltration | Once only | |
Morphine H, R | 1–12 months: 12 months and over: | IV | Pain score 7–10 Repeat once if required after 5 minutes to maximum dose |
12 months and over: | Inhalation | Used during procedures only Once only | |
OR | |||
12 months and over: | |||
1–12 months: 12 months and over: | Oral | Pain score 4–6 Once only | |
0.25–15 L/min, device dependent | Inhalation | Continuous | |
15 mg/kg Maximum dose 1000 mg | Oral | Pain score 1–10 Once only | |
20 mL/kg Maximum dose 1000 mL | IV/intraosseous | Bolus Once only | |
1–18 months: Maximum dose 3–18 months: | Oral | Used during procedures only Repeat if required to maximum dose |
Medications with contraindications or requiring dose adjustment are marked:
- H for patients with known hepatic impairment
- R for patients with known renal impairment.
Escalate to medical or nurse practitioner.
References
- The Sydney Children's Hospital Network. Wound Assessment and Management- Practice Guidline. Australia. NSW Health; 2014 [cited 7 March 2023]. Available from: https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/_policies/pdf/2014-9040.pdf
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood. Blood Book Australian Blood Administration Handbook. Australia: Australian Red Cross Lifeblood; 2020 [cited 28 Feb 2023]. Available from: https://www.cec.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/582761/Blood-Book-Australian-Blood-Administration-Handbook,-1st-edition-May-2020.PDF
- Brancato JC. Minor wound evaluation and preparation for closure. The Netherlands: Wolters Kluwer; 2022 [cited 28 Feb 2023]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/minor-wound-evaluation-and-preparation-for-closure
- Department of Health and Aged Care. The Australian Immunisation Handbook. Australia: Commonwealth of Australia and Department of Health and Aged Care; 2018 [cited 28 Feb 2023]. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/the-australian-immunisation-handbook
- Handbook AM. Lidocaine hydrochloride. AMH: NSW Health; 2023 [cited 6 March 2023]. Available from: https://amhonline.amh.net.au.acs.hcn.com.au/chapters/anaesthetics/drugs-local-anaesthesia/local-anaesthetics/lidocaine-anaesthesia?menu=vertical
- Hsu DC. Clinical use of topical anesthetics in children. The Netherlands: Wolters Kluwer; 2022 [cited 28 Feb 2023]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com.acs.hcn.com.au/contents/clinical-use-of-topical-anesthetics-in-children?search=topical%20anesthetics%20in%20children%202018&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
- MIMS Australia. Clinical Resources. Australia: MIMS Australia Pty Ltd; 2022 [cited 2 Feb 2023]. Available from: https://www.mimsonline.com.au.acs.hcn.com.au/Search/Search.aspx
- Australian Medicines Handbook. Adelaide: AMH; c2023 [cited 28 Feb 2023]. Available from: https://amhonline.amh.net.au.acs.hcn.com.au/
- Australian Medicines Handbook Children’s Dosing Companion. Adelaide: AMH; c2023 [cited 03 May 2023]. Available from: https://childrens.amh.net.au.acs.hcn.com.au/
- Tayeb BO, Eidelman A, Eidelman CL, et al. Topical anaesthetics for pain control during repair of dermal laceration. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 Feb 22;2(2):1-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28230244
- The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. Nitrous Oxide - oxygen mix. Melbourne: Victoria Health; 2021 [cited 23 Feb 2023]. Available from: https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Nitrous_Oxide_Oxygen_Mix/
- The Sydney Children's Hospital Network. Meds 4 Kids Dosing Guide. Australia: NSW Health; 2023 [cited 23 Feb 2023]. Available from: https://webapps.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/meds4kids/
- The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. Oxygen delivery. Melbourne: Victoria Health; 2017 [cited 23 Feb 2023]. Available from: https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Oxygen_delivery/
Evidence informed |
Information was drawn from evidence-based guidelines and a review of latest available research. For more information, see the development process. |
Collaboration |
This protocol was developed by the ECAT Working Group, led by the Agency for Clinical Innovation. The group involved expert medical, nursing and allied health representatives from local health districts across NSW. Consensus was reached on all recommendations included within this protocol. |
Currency | Due for review: Jan 2026. Based on a regular review cycle. |
Feedback | Email ACI-ECIs@health.nsw.gov.au |
Accessed from the Emergency Care Institute website at https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/ecat/paediatric/minor-wounds